EN
Translate:
EN
Natural Gas
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is a liquid form of gas, primarily methane (CH4) that is kept in a liquescent form for easy storage. The foremost reason of dissolving the gas to fluid form is to help in transporting it. The gas, in its liquefied form is clear, non-hazardous and colourless. Despite its fluid form, it is still a LNG.
The process
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is a liquid form of gas, primarily methane (CH4) that is kept in a liquescent form for easy storage. The foremost reason of dissolving the gas to fluid form is to help in transporting it. The gas, in its liquefied form is clear, non-hazardous and colourless. Despite its fluid form, it is still a LNG.
The process of liquefying the gas involves abstraction of elements such as hydrocarbon, acidic gases, helium, dust or water. This ensures that the gas is light and able to travel. Further, the LNG is cooled at a temperature of -260 °F (-162 °C). The cooling then condenses the gas into a liquid state, making it easy for transportation. Cooling is extremely important part of liquefaction of the LNG, as it helps in lessening the volume of gas as well as helps in lightening it by eliminating other elements.
Being in its fluid form, LNG is generally considered to be safe and non-hazardous, ready to be provided to homes and commercial places. It is also a preferred form of safe gas, because even if it spills, it evaporates and causes little to no harm to the ground or environment.
Simulated Natural Gas (SNG)
Simulated Natural Gas (SNG) - is produced by mixing vaporised LPG with compressed air. SNG can be used in place of LNG, as it has virtually identical combustion characteristics. It can be used alone or mixed with regular LNG.
No changes are required in burners, regulators or gas jets. Simulated Natural Gas has a number of names. In addition to SNG, it is also called propane-air and LPG-air.
Difference Between LNG & LPG
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
LNG (methane) and LPG (propane) are both used in essentially the same way but they are also different in many ways. Some countries rely on both types of gas for our energy needs. LNG and LPG are widely available and used for thousands of applications in homes and business.
The key differences between LPG vs LNG in summary:
- LPG (propane) and
LNG (methane) and LPG (propane) are both used in essentially the same way but they are also different in many ways. Some countries rely on both types of gas for our energy needs. LNG and LPG are widely available and used for thousands of applications in homes and business.
The key differences between LPG vs LNG in summary:
- LPG (propane) and LNG (methane) have different chemical formulas: Methane is CH4. Propane is C3H8.
- LPG has a higher calorific value - energy content - than LNG, with 93.2MJ/m³ vs 38.7MJ/m³.
- For proper combustion, LPG requires an air to gas ratio of approximately 25:1 whilst LNG requires a 10:1 ratio.
- LPG (propane) is more dense than air, at a relative density of 1.5219:1 vs LNG (methane) at 0.5537:1, which is lighter than air.
- LPG can be compressed into a liquid and stored or transported in a cylinder or larger vessel.
- LNG and LPG appliances operate at different pressures.
- LPG can be easily processed into Simulated LNG - SNG - and used as a substitute for LNG. The same is not true in reverse.
Calorific Value of LPG vs LNG - Energy Content
There are also two main differences in the way that LPG (Propane) and LNG (Methane) are burnt. The first difference is in the energy content. LPG has a higher energy content than LNG, with 93.2MJ/m³ vs 38.7MJ/m³. With this higher calorific value, less LPG is required to produce the same amount of heat.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), abbreviated as LPG is a highly combustible compressed gas obtained from refining crude oil in a refinery. Since it is the lightest of all the refinery cuts or refinery yields produced, it is obtained immediately during the first distillation process.
It is used as a domestic fuel for cooking purposes or raw
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), abbreviated as LPG is a highly combustible compressed gas obtained from refining crude oil in a refinery. Since it is the lightest of all the refinery cuts or refinery yields produced, it is obtained immediately during the first distillation process.
It is used as a domestic fuel for cooking purposes or raw material for chemical synthesis process. LPG is a mixture of propane and butane and is denser than air.
Thus, if LPG leaks from the compressed LPG cylinders it becomes a very serious matter for safety reasons as it can explode with just a small spark. LPG is primarily used as a domestic fuel in developing nations for heating and cooking purposes as well as running internal combustion engines (Gasoline-driven engines).
However, the safety of LPG driven vehicles still remains a concern.
Apart from this LPG, is also used as a refrigerant and an aerosol propellant and has been replacing CFC’s so that damage to the ozone layer can be mitigated. When LPG is burnt, it burns completely without leaving any soot and its sulphur emission is also less.
Thus, it is considered to be a cleaner fuel. When compared with LNG as fuel, LPG has low calorific value as well as causes little amount of extra emissions than LNG.
Also, natural gas being lighter than air, it tends to rise up if leaked, making it safe when compared to LPG as LPG settles on the floor or low spots and thus it have more chances of catching fire.
Crude Oil / Low Pour Fuel Oil
Bonny Light Crude Oil / Farcardo (BLCO)
A Comparison of the Quality of Low Pour Fuel Oils (LPFO) Blended From Nigerian and Foreign Crude Oils
A Comparison of the Quality of Low Pour Fuel Oils (LPFO) Blended From Nigerian and Foreign Crude Oils
Bonny Light oil is a high grade of Nigerian crude oil with high API gravity (low specific gravity), produced in the Niger Delta basin and named after the prolific region around the city of Bonny.
Bonny Light Crude Oil (BLCO) is ship overseas to our counterparty refineries and chemical plants, process crude oil and other oil-based feedsto
Bonny Light oil is a high grade of Nigerian crude oil with high API gravity (low specific gravity), produced in the Niger Delta basin and named after the prolific region around the city of Bonny.
Bonny Light Crude Oil (BLCO) is ship overseas to our counterparty refineries and chemical plants, process crude oil and other oil-based feedstock to produce/supply motor & jet fuels, lubricants and chemical products. The Nigerian products as superior and environmentally friendly over the tested foreign crude.
Light Crude Oil is liquid petroleum, which contains a low density and can flow freely at room temperature. It has a low specific gravity, high API gravity and low viscosity because of the presence of high percentage of fractions of light hydrocarbons.
It is composed of a high number of paraffin’s, which are branched and straight chain hydrocarbons that have high hydrogen to carbon ratio. It contains two hydrogen atoms each for a single carbon atom. It is considered that the best Light Crude Oil contains approximately 60 percent of paraffin.
A Comparison of the Quality of Low Pour Fuel Oils (LPFO) Blended From Nigerian and Foreign Crude Oils
A Comparison of the Quality of Low Pour Fuel Oils (LPFO) Blended From Nigerian and Foreign Crude Oils
A Comparison of the Quality of Low Pour Fuel Oils (LPFO) Blended From Nigerian and Foreign Crude Oils
Light gas oil (LGO) and long residue (LRS) fractions used to prepare the LPFO blends were collected from Nigerian refineries and similar products were obtained from (foreign crudes). The physicochemical properties of the blends were determined using the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods and other analytical techniq
Light gas oil (LGO) and long residue (LRS) fractions used to prepare the LPFO blends were collected from Nigerian refineries and similar products were obtained from (foreign crudes). The physicochemical properties of the blends were determined using the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods and other analytical techniques.
Comparison of the results with the ASTM standard values indicates that the Nigerian blends are of higher quality than the foreign blends. For instance, the mean value of vanadium was 400% higher in the foreign blend and the Nigerian crude has low sulphur levels. Thus, the regulatory agencies in Nigeria should enforce the specification laws to ensure that crudes imported do not impact negative effects on the industry and around the globe.
Low Pour Fuel Oil (LPFO) / Fuel Oil 380 CST
A Comparison of the Quality of Low Pour Fuel Oils (LPFO) Blended From Nigerian and Foreign Crude Oils
Low Pour Fuel Oil (LPFO) / Fuel Oil 380 CST
Low pour fuel oil (LPFO), also known as black oil is a fundamental input in steam generation in many labour-intensive industries like textiles (colouring), construction (cement), food (sugar) and beverages (sterilizing). Low pour fuel oils (LPFO) are products derived from crude oils with the major components being residuals or bottoms fro
Low pour fuel oil (LPFO), also known as black oil is a fundamental input in steam generation in many labour-intensive industries like textiles (colouring), construction (cement), food (sugar) and beverages (sterilizing). Low pour fuel oils (LPFO) are products derived from crude oils with the major components being residuals or bottoms from petroleum refining operations. At times, the residuals are blended with gas oil and light fuel oil to improve its atomizing capability in burners.
Fuel oil (also known as heavy oil, marine fuel or furnace oil) is a fraction obtained from petroleum distillation, either as a distillate or as a residue. In general, terms, fuel oil is any liquid fuel that is burned in a furnace or boiler for the generation of heat or used in an engine for the generation of power, except oils having a flash point of approximately 42 °C (108 °F) and oils burned in cotton or wool-wick burners. Fuel oil is made of long hydrocarbon chains, particularly alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics. The term fuel oil is also used in a stricter sense to refer only to the heaviest commercial fuel that can be obtained from crude oil, i.e., heavier than gasoline and naphtha.
Refined Petroleum Products
Aviation Fuel JET A-1
Unleaded Petrol 95 OCTANE BS EN 228
Gasoil, Diesel, GOST 305-82 D2
Jet fuel or aviation turbine fuel (ATF, also abbreviated avatar) is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines. It is colorless to straw-colored in appearance. The most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are Jet A and Jet A-1, which are produced to a standardized international specificatio
Jet fuel or aviation turbine fuel (ATF, also abbreviated avatar) is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines. It is colorless to straw-colored in appearance. The most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are Jet A and Jet A-1, which are produced to a standardized international specification. The only other jet fuel commonly used in civilian turbine-engine powered aviation is Jet B, which is used for its enhanced cold-weather performance.
Jet fuel is a mixture of a variety of hydrocarbons. Because the exact composition of jet fuel varies widely based on petroleum source, it is impossible to define jet fuel as a ratio of specific hydrocarbons. Jet fuel is therefore defined as a performance specification rather than a chemical compound. Furthermore, the range of molecular mass between hydrocarbons (or different carbon numbers) is defined by the requirements for the product, such as the freezing point or smoke point. Kerosene-type jet fuel (including Jet A and Jet A-1, JP-5, and JP-8) has a carbon number distribution between about 8 and 16 (carbon atoms per molecule); wide-cut or naphtha-type jet fuel (including Jet B and JP-4), between about 5 and 15.
Je A1 is a widely used aviation fuel. Its casual name is kerosene. Professionals value it highly because it enables the aircraft to get the maximum energy with a minimum fuel load. Due to its outstanding heat output, it increases flight autonomy. It is exceptionally resistant to cold. Even at the highest altitudes, it will not crystallize.
Thanks to its thermal and storage stability, it reduces the risks of the fuel's deterioration.
Gasoil, Diesel, GOST 305-82 D2
Unleaded Petrol 95 OCTANE BS EN 228
Gasoil, Diesel, GOST 305-82 D2
Gasoil, Diesel, GOST 305-82 D2
Gasoil or D2 is the second distillate obtained from crude oil. There are varying contents of sulphur in Gasoil and D2 products that will affect when the fuel is best to use (seasons) and the cost thereof.
To ensure that clients are provided with suitable D2 products, there are ISO industry standards that suppl
Gasoil, Diesel, GOST 305-82 D2
Gasoil or D2 is the second distillate obtained from crude oil. There are varying contents of sulphur in Gasoil and D2 products that will affect when the fuel is best to use (seasons) and the cost thereof.
To ensure that clients are provided with suitable D2 products, there are ISO industry standards that suppliers must adhere to.
Gasoil
Gas oil forms part of a family of heavy oils. It is created by means of a process of fractional distillation of petroleum. It is used as a diesel fuel in heating and automotive applications.
Gas oil that is used to power off-road vehicles that are used in the industrial, commercial and agricultural communities is often called “red diesel”
Fuels and oils are taxed differently depending on their purpose – gas oil used for tractors; mowers and tippers are dyed red in order for inspectors to tell the difference. Other gas oil is considered “white diesel” as it is not dyed.
D2
This is gas oil that is the second distillate that is obtained through the processing of crude oil. Reformers and additives are not required to make use of this fuel. The version of D2 that has lower sulphur content is GOST 305-82 and it is the presentation of this to the market that has helped in a major reduction in pollution in many cities.
GOST 305-82
GOST 305-82 is D2 with lower sulphur content. GOST is a variant of Gasoil and D2 that is in line with ISO industry standards with a sulphur content of 0.02% max. This is known as Ultra Low Sulphur fuel. Low sulphur fuel is that with 0.2% sulphur content.
Unleaded Petrol 95 OCTANE BS EN 228
Unleaded Petrol 95 OCTANE BS EN 228
Unleaded Petrol 95 OCTANE BS EN 228
95-octane unleaded petrol is a type of unleaded fuel that is designed to be more fuel efficient and cause a smoother engine operation, which in turn improves performance. It is meant for use by imported and high-performance vehicles, but can be used by the majority of cars. Unleaded 95 is a special blend of petrol that is designed to brin
95-octane unleaded petrol is a type of unleaded fuel that is designed to be more fuel efficient and cause a smoother engine operation, which in turn improves performance. It is meant for use by imported and high-performance vehicles, but can be used by the majority of cars. Unleaded 95 is a special blend of petrol that is designed to bring high octane, knock-free performance to unleaded cars with a high octane requirement. The octane number of the sample corresponds to the percentage of isooctane in the control mixture, and for unleaded 95, the proportion corresponds to 95%
An octane rating, or octane number, is a standard measure of a fuel's ability to withstand compression in an internal combustion engine without detonating. The higher the octane number, the more compression the fuel can withstand before detonating. Octane rating does not relate directly to the power output or the energy content of the fuel per unit mass or volume, but simply indicates gasoline's capability against compression.
Whether or not a higher octane fuel improves or impairs an engine's performance depends on the design of the engine. In broad terms, fuels with a higher octane rating are used in higher-compression gasoline engines, which may yield higher power for these engines. Such higher power comes from the fuel's higher compression by the engine design, and not directly from the gasoline.
In contrast, fuels with lower octane (but higher cetane numbers) are ideal for diesel engines because diesel engines (also called compression-ignition engines) do not compress the fuel, but rather compress only air and then inject fuel into the air that was heated by compression. Gasoline engines rely on ignition of air and fuel compressed together as a mixture, which is ignited near the end of the compression stroke by electric spark plugs. Therefore, high compressibility of the fuel matters mainly for gasoline engines.
Thermal Coal
CANSOLV carbon dioxide (Co₂) capture system
CANSOLV carbon dioxide (Co₂) capture system
CANSOLV carbon dioxide (Co₂) capture system
Cansolv's Co₂ capture technology is highly adaptable to a wide variety of industrial applications, gas flow rates and carbon dioxide (Co₂) concentrations. The system employs a regenerable solvent and utilizes a proprietary amine technology. The CANSOLV Co₂ Capture System is a world leading amine-based Co₂ capture technology. The technolog
Cansolv's Co₂ capture technology is highly adaptable to a wide variety of industrial applications, gas flow rates and carbon dioxide (Co₂) concentrations. The system employs a regenerable solvent and utilizes a proprietary amine technology. The CANSOLV Co₂ Capture System is a world leading amine-based Co₂ capture technology. The technology is ideal for use in coal-fired and natural gas power plants where large amounts of Co₂ are generated. The pure Co₂ product output by the Shell Cansolv technology enables Enhanced Oil recovery (EOR), Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) or Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) downstream of the plant. The Co₂ Capture System is also suitable for capturing Co₂ from boiler flue gas in applications in the mining and chemical industries. The technology can help refiners, utilities and other industries to lower their carbon intensity and meet stringent greenhouse gas abatement regulations by removing Co₂ from their exhaust streams.
Thermal Coal (TC) - Price
CANSOLV carbon dioxide (Co₂) capture system
CANSOLV carbon dioxide (Co₂) capture system
Price - Thermal Coal (TC) a significant portion of our exported thermal coal consists of the medium-quality type (between 5100 and 6100 Cal/gram) and the low-quality (sub-bituminous) type (below 5100 Cal/gram) for which large demand originations.
Coal - a fossil fuel - is the most important energy source for electricity generation and a
Price - Thermal Coal (TC) a significant portion of our exported thermal coal consists of the medium-quality type (between 5100 and 6100 Cal/gram) and the low-quality (sub-bituminous) type (below 5100 Cal/gram) for which large demand originations.
Coal - a fossil fuel - is the most important energy source for electricity generation and also forms an essential fuel for the production of steel and cement.
A negative characteristic of coal, however, is that it can be labelled as the most polluting energy source due to its high proportion of carbon.
Other vital energy sources, such as natural gas, are less polluting but significantly more exhaustive and more susceptible to price fluctuations on the world market. Therefore, the world's industries have increasingly shifted their focus to coal.
Future Prospects of the Coal Sector
CANSOLV carbon dioxide (Co₂) capture system
Future Prospects of the Coal Sector
Despite global awareness regarding the importance to reduce nation's dependency on fossil fuels, developments in renewable energy resources do not show an indication that the world's dependency on fossil fuels (especially coal) will be reduced significantly in the foreseeable future, thus coal is set to remain a key energy resource.
Cle
Despite global awareness regarding the importance to reduce nation's dependency on fossil fuels, developments in renewable energy resources do not show an indication that the world's dependency on fossil fuels (especially coal) will be reduced significantly in the foreseeable future, thus coal is set to remain a key energy resource.
Clean coal technologies in coal mining, however, are expected to gain significance in the future (partly due to commercial relevance) and we are expected to become heavily involved in that process being a major player in the coal mining sector.
These clean coal technologies focus on the reduction of emissions produced by coal-fired power generation. Upstream activities connected to coal mining, such as the development of coalbed methane (CBM) reservoirs of which we contain great potential, has begun to receive attention recently.